Irregularidades registradas durante inspeções sanitárias em restaurantes e similares / Irregularities recorded during sanitary inspections in restaurants and similar

Identificar irregularidades em restaurantes pode auxiliar a minimizar riscos de contaminação. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar as irregularidades registradas em inspeções sanitárias de restaurantes e similares em Curitiba, Brasil, entre 2005 a 2017. A descrição das irregularidades foi organizada seguindo as categorias e os itens da legislação de Boas Práticas (BP) para serviços de alimentação do Brasil e as cinco chaves para uma alimentação mais segura, definidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Do total de 4.098 registros, houve a descrição de 8.327 irregularidades. Em relação às BP, houve a prevalência da descrição de irregularidades nos anos de 2005, 2006 e 2013, e das categorias: edificações, instalações, equipamentos, móveis e utensílios (42,80%); preparação do alimento (11,54%); documentação e registro (9,92%) e matéria-prima, ingredientes e embalagens (9,06%). Em relação às cinco chaves para uma alimentação mais segura, apenas 3.209 (38,53%) descrições correspondiam a esse tema, com destaque a: manter a limpeza (40,70%) e usar água e matérias-primas seguras (34,71%). Houve uma tendência decrescente na descrição das irregularidades no período estudado, porém ainda é um desafio implementar as BP em restaurantes e similares no Brasil, o que pode favorecer a ocorrência de doenças e aumentar o risco à saúde da população.

Identifying irregularities in restaurants can help minimize contamination risks. The objective of this study was to analyze the irregularities recorded in sanitary inspections of restaurants and similar establishments in Curitiba, Brazil, between 2005 and 2017. The description of the irregularities was categorized following the items and criteria outlined in the Good Practices (GP) legislation for food services of Brazil and the Five Keys to Safer Food, defined by the World Health Organization. Out of the total of 4,098 records, 8,327 irregularities were documented. Concerning GP, there was a prevalence of irregularities described in the years 2005, 2006 and 2013, mainly in the following categories: buildings, installations, equipment, furniture and utensils (42.80%); food preparation (11.54%); documentation and registration (9.92%) and raw materials, ingredients and packaging (9.06%). Regarding the Five Keys to Safer Food, only 3,209 (38.53%) corresponded to this theme, with particular emphasis on maintaining cleanliness (40.70%) and using safe water and raw materials (34.71 %). The study observed a declining trend in the description of irregularities over the study period. However, the successful implementation of GP in restaurants and similar establishments in Brazil remains a challenge, potentially favoring the occurrence of foodborne diseases and increasing the risk to public health.

Dietary exposure to food azo-colours in a sample of pre-school children from Southern Brazil.

The dietary exposure of six food azo-colours was assessed in a sample of pre-schoolers from Guaratuba-Paraná, Brazil. Consumption data of 323 children aged 2 to 5 years was collected through 3-day food records. Dietary exposure, is expressed by milligrams of food colour by kilogram of body weight per day, as compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Three exposure scenarios were developed to account for uncertainties around consumption estimates. Intakes of Amaranth (INS 123) described in means, 50th and 95th percentiles exceeded ADI levels in the two most conservative scenarios, with the highest percentiles exceeding about four times the ADI. High intakes of Sunset Yellow FCF (INS 110) were also observed, of up to 85% of the ADI in the worst-case scenario. Findings suggest high exposure levels to azo-dyes in the survey population, with children likely exceeding the ADI for Amaranth (INS 123) and concerns for Sunset Yellow FCF (INS 110). Major food contributors were beverages (juice powders and soft drinks), dairy and sweets. Further studies on dietary exposure assessment are needed at the national level. The authors highlight the need of controlling the use of such additives through national policies that are aligned with the consumption patterns observed in the country.

Influence of Cooking Methods on In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Red Cabbage.

Red cabbage is rich in phytochemical compounds, and its consumption, either raw or cooked, has been linked to the prevention of several diseases. This work aimed to investigate the influence of cooking methods on in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolics and antioxidant activity of red cabbage. The vegetable was subjected to boiling, steaming, and microwaving for different times to evaluate color parameters, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), anthocyanin content (AC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS). The phytochemical bioaccessibility before and after cooking was also evaluated by in vitro simulated digestion. Steaming showed the most significant retention of the compounds after 20 and 25 min of cooking (72-86% for TPC, 72-77% for TFC, 75-79% for FRAP, 84-91% for DPPH, 70-83% for ABTS), followed by microwaving, which was more stable in 10 min. Microwaving decreased TFC and AC over time. Boiling did not show significant differences between the cooking times and showed more than 50% of losses of TPC, TFC, and AC and 30 to 60% of antioxidant activity. Steaming was the best cooking method, showing the most significant tendency to black coloration (< L*). In 10 min, it still showed the highest percentages of increase in TPC and the minor losses of TFC and AC in the gastric and intestinal phases. Steaming also increased the antioxidant after digestion when compared to uncooked red cabbage. These results are important to help consumers choose the most effective cooking method for red cabbage to retain its health-promoting components.

Dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners in a sample of Brazilian pregnant women.

The dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) was estimated in a sample of pregnant Brazilian women. Consumption data were obtained with a 24-h Dietary Recall interview. Because of the uncertainty in assessing foods with LCS, they were classified into three scenarios to ensure inclusion of the 15 LCS allowed for use in Brazil: ranging from a less to a more conservative scenario. The concentration of LCS was estimated using the amount declared on the label or the maximum permitted levels and analytical determination data for table-top sweeteners. The frequency of consumption was higher for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and cyclamate. The food groups contributing the most to the consumption of LCS were non-alcoholic beverages, table-top sweeteners, confectionary and desserts. The level of dietary exposure to LCS was within the safety limit. However, continued efforts to monitor their dietary exposure are necessary given the limitations highlighted in this study.

Effectiveness of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) capsule supplementation for post-exercise muscle recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the review is to evaluate the effectiveness of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) capsule supplementation compared with placebo for post-exercise muscle pain and muscle recovery in healthy adults. INTRODUCTION: Green tea extract is popularly consumed by athletes and practitioners of physical activity, as it is easily accessible in supermarkets and health food stores. It is a source of catechins, which assist the endogenous antioxidant system in combating free radicals produced during exercise that can lead to oxidative stress and, therefore, muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle pain. However, there is no consensus on the effect of green tea extract and the ideal and safe dosage to promote muscle recovery. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Studies on the effectiveness of supplementation with green tea extract capsules compared with placebo in post-exercise muscle pain and muscle recovery in healthy adults will be included. Studies that are associated with any other source of polyphenols with green tea extract will be excluded. METHODS: Studies will be identified using the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct, and Scopus. OpenGrey, DART-Europe, and Google Scholar will be used to identify unpublished studies. Studies published in English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese will be included. There will be no restriction on the date of publication. Two authors will independently screen titles and abstracts following previously defined eligibility criteria. After excluding irrelevant studies, the authors will read the full texts of any articles potentially eligible for further evaluation. Any disagreements will be resolved by discussion or by consulting a third author. The included studies will be assessed on their methodological quality using the appropriate JBI critical appraisal checklist, and the data will be extracted by the two authors. A meta-analysis will be performed using a random effects or fixed effects model. The heterogeneity of the data will be calculated. This review will follow the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to classify the certainty of the evidence. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020138772.

Contribution of ultra-processed food to the nutritional dietary profile of young children school feeding / Contribuição de alimentos ultraprocessados para o perfil nutricional da alimentação escolar em creches

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the contribution of ultra-processed food to the nutritional dietary profile of school feeding in public child day-care centers. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out from June-November/2013. Samples from six daily meals were collected in twenty non-consecutive days. A total of 117 school meals (123 food items) were offered to children from 12-36 months of age. The served portions were determined by direct weighting. Physicochemical analyses were performed to establish the nutritional composition. School meals were classified according to the processing degree: (A) unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations, (B) processed food, or (C) ultra-processed food. The contribution of each group to the quantity of energy, macronutrients and sodium was calculated. Student's t test was applied for comparison between groups. Results Ultra-processed meals contributed to 45.8% of energy, 33.9% of lipids, 42.8% of proteins, 48.9% of carbohydrates, and 20.9% of sodium. All lunches and 90% of dinners were classified as unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations. 39.0% of the meals were ultra-processed (mainly breakfast and snacks). Ultra-processed meals had a greater quantity of energy (p=0.026) and carbohydrates (p<0.001) per serving, while unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations offered more sodium per serving (p<0.001). Conclusion Although most meals were classified as unprocessed/minimally processed/culinary preparations, ultra-processed food, which should be avoided at this stage of life, are offered daily, contributing with higher energy and carbohydrates offer per serving. The municipality need to improve the quality of the meals offered to children in these child day-care centers, observing the new Resolution nº 6/2020 that came into effect in 2021.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a contribuição de alimentos ultraprocessados no perfil nutricional da alimentação escolar ofertada em Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil. Métodos Estudo seccional conduzido entre junho e novembro/2013. Amostras das seis refeições diárias foram coletadas durante 20 dias não consecutivos. Cento e dezessete refeições (123 itens alimentares) foram ofertadas a crianças de 12 a 36 meses. O tamanho das porções foi determinado por pesagem direta e a composição nutricional, por análises físico-químicas. As refeições escolares foram classificadas de acordo com o grau de processamento: (A) in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias; (B) processados; (C) ultraprocessados. Foi calculada a contribuição de cada grupo para energia, macronutrientes e sódio. O Teste t foi utilizado para comparação entre os grupos. Resultados As refeições ultraprocessadas contribuíram com 45,8% de energia, 33,9% de lipídios, 42,8% de proteínas, 48,9% dos carboidratos e 20,9% do sódio ofertados. Todos os almoços e 90% dos jantares foram classificados como in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias. 39,0% das refeições foram classificadas como ultraprocessadas (principalmente café da manhã e lanches). Refeições ultraprocessadas ofereceram maior quantidade de energia (p=0,026) e carboidratos (p<0,001) por porção, enquanto refeições in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias forneceram mais sódio por porção (p<0,001). Conclusão Apesar da predominância de refeições in natura/minimamente processados/preparações culinárias, os alimentos ultraprocessados - que deveriam ser evitados nessa fase da vida, são ofertados diariamente, contribuindo com maior quantidade de energia e carboidratos por porção. É necessário que o município reavalie as refeições ofertadas às crianças nesses Centros de Educação Infantil, seguindo as recomendações atuais da Resolução nº 6/2020, que entrou em vigor em 2021.

In vitro Bioaccessibility of Proteins, Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity of Amaranthus viridis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, mineral content and report the effect of gastrointestinal digestion on the proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of morphological parts of Amaranthus viridis (AV). The macronutrients found in the greatest quantity were proteins (leave, inflorescence and seeds) and fiber (roots and stem). The main minerals were calcium, potassium, iron and zinc. All the plant parts showed total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) compounds that were correlated with antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP); the leaves and inflorescence presented the greatest potential. The antioxidant compounds from the leaves, inflorescence and roots decreased after static in vitro digestion, while the TPC and TFC of the digested seeds increased by more than 55%. Approximately 90% of the protein content was bioaccessible. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the bioaccessibility of proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the leave, inflorescence, seeds, roots and stem from AV were reported. Taking into consideration the excellent nutritional properties, the morphological parts of the plant can be potentially explored as a source of protein, fiber, minerals and antioxidant compounds.

Home-Prepared Enteral Tube Feeding: Evaluation of Microbiological Contamination, Hygiene, and the Profile of the Food Handler.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the risk to patients' health when using home-prepared enteral tube feeding. The objective of this study was to explore the differences in hygiene conditions and microbial load of different types of home-prepared enteral tube feeding and explore associations between those differences and food handlers' characteristics. METHODS: We evaluated 96 enteral formulations, considering 3 types used by adult patients: homemade enteral preparations (HEPs), blended enteral preparations (BEPs), and commercial enteral formulas (CEFs). Enteral formulations were collected from homes and microbiologically analyzed. Hygiene criteria were assessed using a checklist, applied during the handling stages. The profile of the food handler was reviewed using a questionnaire. RESULTS: 82.3% (79/96) exceeded acceptable bacterial counts, which was 10³ colony-forming units per gram for aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and for total coliforms (35 °C), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp, and Staphylococcus coagulase-positive, if present in the enteral formulations. The number of inadequate samples was higher in HEPs and BEPs than in CEFs. Considering the hygiene criteria, the home-prepared enteral tube feedings did not differ significantly. There was a significant difference among hygiene conditions considering the variables "monthly family income" and "food training." CONCLUSION: Regardless of the type of enteral formulations used by patients, when handled at home, there was a risk of contamination. However, contaminants present in enteral formulations can be easily controlled with improvements in hygiene measures as well as with greater guidance and control during the handling stages.

Professional practice of dietitians in the Brazilian School Feeding Program: A multiple case study / Atuação do nutricionista no Programa Nacional de Alimentação escolar: estudo de casos múltiplos

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess dietician's numerical parameters for school feeding and discuss limitations and possibilities for professional practice in the municipalities of Vale do Ivaí, in Northern Paraná, Brazil. Methods: This is a multiple case study. A semi-structured interview was administered to dietitians working at the School Feeding Program in nine cities located in Vale do Ivaí, Paraná, Brazil. Resolution nº 465/2010, from the Brazilian Federal Board of Dietitians, was used to calculate the adequacy of working hours of dietitians. The legistation of the Brazilian School Feeding Program was applied to discuss professional practice. Results: All the cities had at least one dietitian responsible for the School Feeding Program. The percentage of adequate working hours was from 20 to 66%. Some dietitians were involved in management activities, administration, procurement, and accounting, in addition to dietitian assignments for the School Feeding Program. Most dietitians worked in other sectors of the municipalities such as the health system, social assistance, and at events. This practice could compromise compliance of technical activities that must be met by the dietitians of the School Feeding Program. Conclusion: The number of dietitians in most of cities working at School Feeding Program is not sufficient to meet the number of students. The insuficient workload and excessive activities could hinder the development of dietitian's private activities. The hiring of nutrition and dietitian technicians and administrative assistants for bureaucratic activies is recommended.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a adequação dos parâmetros numéricos de nutricionistas na alimentação escolar e discutir limites e possibilidades da atuação profissional no Programa de Alimentação Escolar em municípios do Vale do Ivaí, Norte do Paraná. Métodos: Estudo de casos múltiplos realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com nutricionistas da alimentação escolar de nove municípios do Vale do Ivaí. A Resolução nº 465/2010, do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas, foi utilizada como base para cálculo da adequação da carga horária do nutricionista. A legislação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar foi utilizada para discussão da atuação profissional. Resultados: Os municípios contavam com nutricionista responsável técnico pelo Programa de Alimentação Escolar, porém, o percentual de adequação da carga horária variou de 20 a 66%. Foram evidenciadas atividades de gestão, licitação e contabilidade, além das atribuições do nutricionista previstas para o Programa. A maioria dos nutri-cionistas também atendia a outras áreas dos municípios, como saúde, social e eventos, o que sugere um comprometimento das atribuições do profissional e, consequentemente, da execução do Programa. Conclusão: O número de nutricionistas no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar nos municípios investigados é insuficiente em relação ao número de alunos. A carga horária insuficiente e a demanda excessiva de atividades podem impedir que o desenvolvimento de atividades privativas do nutricionista. A contratação de técnicos em nutrição e dietética e auxiliares administrativos para tarefas burocráticas deve ser incitada.

Nutritional composition of school meals serving children from 7 to 36 months of age in municipal day-care centres in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

The Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE) seeks to meet student's nutritional needs during the period they remain in school. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of meals provided in municipal day-care centres serving children of 7-11 months (group A) and 12-36 months (group B) of age and to compare observed values with the PNAE's and dietary reference intakes' (DRI) recommendations. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 4 day-care centres in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, between June and November 2013. Food samples of six daily meals were collected during 20 non-consecutive days, totalling 120 samples. For each meal, average served and consumed portions were submitted for laboratory analysis of moisture, ash, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, Na, Ca and Fe and compared with the PNAE's and DRI's values. No statistically significant difference was found between age groups (P=0·793) regarding portion sizes and nutritional composition. The same menu was offered to both groups in 95 % of the meals (n 114), although the groups' nutritional needs were different. For group A, served meals met PNAE's recommendations for energy, carbohydrates, proteins, Na and Ca content, and consumed portions provided 70 % of the nutritional needs for carbohydrates, proteins and Ca. For group B, served portions complied with the PNAE's values for proteins, Na and Ca. Proteins and Na reached 70 % of the nutritional needs when consumed food was evaluated. School feeding in day-care centres partially meet PNAE's guidelines and children's nutritional requirements, contradicting the primary objective established by the national programme.

Utilization of sorghum, rice, corn flours with potato starch for the preparation of gluten-free pasta.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mixture of sorghum-rice-corn flour and potato starch in the development of gluten-free pasta for celiac disease patients. The experiment was designed according to simplex-lattice method and different types of gluten-free flours were used, such as sorghum, rice, corn, and potato starch. The fifteen formulations were subjected to sensory analysis (Mixed Structured Scale - MSS) and seven formulations were selected in respect to taste and grittiness. These formulations were subjected to Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), which evaluated the attributes: appearance, color, odor, hardness, elasticity, stickiness, grittiness, taste, residual bitterness and overall quality. Results showed significant difference in appearance, color and hardness. The formulations that showed the best sensory results were submitted to chemical analysis and cooking quality of pasta. It was observed that the best results for mixing is sorghum flour, rice flour and potato starch.

Oferta de sódio na alimentação em crechesmunicipais: um risco à saúde / Sodium offer in public child daycare centers: a health risk

O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar a quantidade de sódio oferecida nas refeições de crianças de 12 a 36 meses emcreches municipais, por meio de análises laboratoriais. O estudo transversal foi realizado em quatro creches de um municípioda Região Metropolitana de Curitiba/PR, sorteadas aleatoriamente por amostragem estratificada por conglomerados.De junho a novembro/2013 foram coletadas amostras das seis refeições diárias servidas às crianças, durante cinco diasnão consecutivos nas quatro creches, totalizando 20 dias e 120 amostras analisadas. O teor de sódio foi determinado pelométodo de cloretos por volumetria e os resultados foram comparados a quatro parâmetros: 1) quantidade máxima diáriapreconizada para o sódio na alimentação escolar, 2) limite superior tolerável de ingestão do nutriente para a idade, 3)atendimento máximo de 70% da recomendação nutricional e 4) teor máximo de sódio recomendado para uma refeição,na alimentação escolar. O teor médio de sódio oferecido foi 1251mg/dia (n=20), atendendo ao preconizado para a alimentaçãoescolar e correspondendo a 83,4% do limite superior de ingestão para a idade. Cem por cento dos almoços e60% dos jantares apresentaram valores de sódio acima do recomendado para uma refeição, indicando um fator de riscopara a hipertensão arterial infantil e necessidade de intervenção nessa população.

This paper aimed to determine sodium amount in meals offered to children from 12 to 36 months old, in municipal childdaycare centers, using laboratorial analysis. The study was conducted in 4 child daycare centers from a city in the metropolitanregion of Curitiba/PR, Brazil, randomly selected after complex sampling techniques. From June to November/2013,samples of the 6 daily meals served to children were collected in 4 child daycare centers, for 5 non-consecutive days, totaling20 days and 120 samples analyzed. Sodium content was determined by the method of chlorides by volumetry and theresults were compared to 4 parameters, as follows: 1) maximum sodium value recommended by PNAE to full-time schoolfeeding, 2) tolerable upper intake level (UL) for the age group, 3) compliance to maximum 70% of tolerable upper intakelevel (UL) for the age group, and 4) maximum sodium value recommended by PNAE to a single meal. The average amountof sodium offered to children was 1251mg/day, which met PNAE’s guidelines and corresponded to 83.4% of UL for age. Asto sodium content in a single meal, 100% of lunches and 60% of dinners exceeded the maximum recommended by PNAE,indicating risk factor to hypertension in childhood and highlighting intervention required in this population.

Que doce de leite é esse? Uma discussão sobre o padrão de identidade e qualidade do doce de leite pastoso / Which dulce de leche is that? A discussion on the identity and quality standard of creamy dulce de leche

No presente trabalho foi determinada a qualidade do doce de leite pastoso comercial para discutir se há descaracterização do produto tradicional pela indústria de alimentos, considerando-se o padrão de identidade e qualidade (PIQ). Foram avaliadas cinco marcas de doce de leite pastoso e uma marca definida como amostra padrão, codificadas em DL I, DL II, DL III, DL IV, DL V e DL P. As amostras foram submetidas à análise físico-química de umidade, cinzas, lipídios, proteínas e análise dos parâmetros de cor e textura. Os ingredientes dos rótulos foram analisados e confrontados com o padrão de identidade e qualidade. Os resultados foram tratados pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste Tukey com p <0,05 no software Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft). Os valores obtidos das amostras quando comparados com a amostra padrão sugerem que o doce de leite tem sido modificado ao longo dos anos. No entanto, mesmo com a adição de outros ingredientes não tradicionais ao doce de leite, o produto final está de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos pelo padrão de identidade e qualidade, o que pode ser atribuído a uma permissividade da legislação Brasileira, aliada à apropriação da indústria de alimentos sobre o produto tradicional...

Physicochemical and nutricional characteristics of handmade enteral diets / Características físico-químicas y nutricionales de las dietas enterales caseras

Introduction: There is an increasing use of enteral therapy at home, which reduces costs and improves patients’ quality of life. Homemade food diets are being commonly used in the households of undeveloped countries, but those diets vary in composition and characteristics depending on the ingredients and preparation procedures adopted in its preparation, which influences the quality ofthe diet to satisfy the nutritional needs of patients. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and determine the quality of homemade enteral diets. Methods: An enteral diet plan was prepared by using conventional food, consisting of 6 meals, totalizing 2 liters per day, and it was adopted a proportion of 25% of solid food. The diets were analyzed for stability, viscosity, flow, pH, chemical and nutritional composition. Results and discussion: The enteral diet plan was adequate in its physical-chemical aspects, however, it presented low percentages of adequacy, 20-53%, between the estimated and real content of macronutrients in the soup, formula used for lunch and dinner, which impaired the nutritional quality of the enteral diet plan. Conclusions: The results showed the difficulty of establishing the nutritional content of these diets, especially when made of meat and vegetables. Therefore, it is suggested a mixed enteral therapy by using commercial diets to achieve part of the nutritional needs of the patient together with enteral diets of homemade food tosupplement it and also to redeem the psychosocial values of the feeding process (AU)

Introducción: Existe un creciente uso de la terapia enteral domiciliaria, lo que reduce los costes y mejora la calidad de vida para los pacientes. Las dietas elaboradas con alimentos caseros están siendo usadas comúnmente en los domicilios de los países subdesarrollados, pero estos varían en composición y características dependiendo de los ingredientes y procedimientos adoptados en su preparación, lo que influye la calidad de estas dietas para satisfacer las necesidades nutricionales de los pacientes. Objetivo: Desarrollar y determinar la calidad de las dietas enterales caseras. Métodos: Se elaboró un plan de dieta enteral casera, con alimentos naturales, consistente en 6 comidas, con un total de 2 litros por día, utilizando una proporción de25% de sólidos. Las dietas se analizaron para determinarla estabilidad de su composición, viscosidad, flujo, pH, composición química y nutricional. Resultados y discusión: Las dietas eran adecuadas en sus aspectos físico-químicos, sin embargo, presentaron bajos porcentajes de adecuación, 20 a 53%, entre el contenido estimado y real de macronutrientes en la sopa, fórmula usada en el almuerzo y la cena, que afectó a la calidad nutricional del plan de dieta enteral. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran las dificultades de establecer el contenido nutricional de estas dietas, sobre todo cuando son a base de carne y verduras. Por lo tanto, se sugiere una mezcla de terapia enteral caserae industrial, mediante el uso de dietas comerciales paralograr parte de las necesidades nutricionales del paciente, junto con dietas caseras para complementar y compensar también los valores psicosociales del proceso de alimentación (AU)

Microbiological quality of organic and conventional tomatoes / Qualidade microbiológica de tomate convencional e orgânico

In view of the need to in form the producers, dealers and consumers about the capability of the vegetables in being a vehicle for microorganisms, they should receive suitable hygienic and sanitary treatment. This paper aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of organic and conventional tomatoes (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill.) commercialized in Curitiba city, southern Brazil. Eight samples of conventional tomatoes and four samples of organic tomatoes were collected from different sites. The microbiological analyses for detecting Salmonella spp and molds and yeasts were conducted according to the Compendium of Methods for Microbiological Examination of Foods. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were analyzed by the PetrifilmTM methodology. The data were analyzed by variance analysis and Tukey tests. No Salmonella sp was isolated from 25 g of tomato samples. The total coliform counts ranged up to 1.4x103CFU/g and Escherichia coli up to 2.3x102 CFU/g in conventional tomatoes. Yeasts and molds were foundin conventional tomato samples up to 2.1x10, and up to 1.04 x 1012 CFU/g in organic tomato samples. This study clearly shows that the tomatoes ought to receive suitable hygienic and sanitary treatment before being commercialized.

Cookies sem glúten a partir da farinha de sorgo / Gluten free cookies prepared with sorghum flour

O sorgo, por ser desprovido de glúten, pode ser utilizado na fabricação de produtos de panificação para indivíduos com Doença Celíaca, que dispõem de poucas alternativas culinárias disponíveis no mercado. Em razão disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver cookies de chocolate utilizando farinha de sorgo (Sorghum vulgare). Foi aplicado o delineamento experimental fator simplex-lattice com farinhas isentas de glúten: farinha de sorgo (50-100 por cento), farinha de arroz (0-50 por cento) e amido de milho (0-50 por cento); totalizando dez experimentos. As formulações IX e X foram selecionadas por apresentarem melhores características sensoriais. Foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas da farinha de sorgo, dos cookies comerciais com glúten e dos isentos de glúten elaborados neste trabalho. Nas amostras comerciais foram também realizadas análises físicas e sensoriais pela Análise descritiva quantitativa e Escala hedônica. Os resultados das análises físicas e químicas da farinha de sorgo mostraram-se próximos aos preconizados pela legislação. As formulações que apresentaram características sensoriais satisfatórias foram as que continham 58 e 67 por cento de farinha de sorgo, 8 e 17 por cento de farinha de arroz, 33 e 17 por cento de amido de milho, respectivamente. O rendimento das formulações IX e X foi de 0,92 e o volume específico de 1,54 e 1,46cm³/g, respectivamente. A maioria dos atributos sensoriais avaliados dos cookies com farinha de sorgo em relação ao comercial não apresentou diferença estatística significativa em nível de 5 por cento, com exceção da cor e odor. Cem por cento dos provadores com Doença Celíaca atribuíram valores iguais ou superiores a 7 para ambas as amostras, sendo que a maioria atribuiu valor 8. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do uso da farinha mista com sorgo na elaboração de cookies sem glúten.

Considering that sorghum is a gluten free flour, it could be proposed as an ingredient to produce alternative bakery products for the subjects with Celiac Disease, since they do not have many food options available in the market. For this reason, the main goal of this study is to develop chocolate cookies with sorghum flour (Sorghum vulgare). The experimental design used was the simplex-lattice factor to compare the following variables: sorghum flour (50-100 percent), rice flour (0-50 percent) and corn starch (0-50 percent), totaling up to ten experiments. The formulations IX and X were selected as the ones with the highest sensorial scores The sorghum flour, regular chocolate cookies and gluten free cookies were submitted to physicochemical analysis. Physical and sensorial analysis using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) and hedonic analysis were performed for the two cookies preparation. Sorghum flour presented characteristics compared with the described by the food regulation laws. The preparations that presented satisfactory sensorial characteristics were the ones that had 58 and 67 percent of sorghum flour, 8 and 17 percent of rice flour, 33 and 17 percent of corn starch, respectively. The performance for both IX and X formulations was 0,92 and the specific volume was 1,54 and 1,46cm³/g, respectively. When compared with regular cookies, the differences on most of the sensorial attributes evaluated on sorghum cookies were not statistically significant (P < 0.05), except for the color and the odour. All the sensorial scores reached values equal or higher than 7 for both samples and most of them scored 8. The results showed the feasibility of including sorghum flour on the manufacture of gluten free cookies.

Teor de umidade de batatas, cultivadas com diferentes doses e fontes de potássio e armazenadas em temperatura ambiente / Humidity of potatoes grown with different doses and sources of potassium and stored at temperature

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o teor de umidade de batatas (cvs. Atlantic, Asterix, Innovator e Shepody), cultivadas em diferentes doses (0, 120, 360 e 1080 kg k20 ha-1), fontes de potássio (kC1 e K2SO4) e armazenadas em temperatura ambiente por 45 dias. As amostras foram provenientes do município de Fazenda Rio Grande/PR, cultivadas na safra das águas. A umidade foi determinada por gravimetria a 105°C. A umidade variou, entre as cultivares, de 78,89% (cv. Innovator) e 81,21% (cv. Asterix). O aumento da dose de potássio elevou a umidade de 79,11% para 80,45% e a fonte cloreto apresentou umidade superior à fonte sulfato. Pôde-se concluir que a umidade depende da cultivar e da adubação potássica (dose e fonte) empregada e todas as amostras mostraram-se aptas ao processamento.

Caracterização física e sensorial de biscoitos / Physical and sensory biscuits

O controle de qualidade de biscoitos pode ser realizado por análises físicas e sensoriais que, além de ser uma alternativa mais prática, têm menor custo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas e sensoriais de biscoitos doces e salgados comercializados no mercado varejista de Curitiba-PR. Foram selecionadas, ao acaso, três marcas de biscoitos – água e sal, cream cracker, maisena, recheado e waffer. Na análise física as amostras foram submetidas à determinação do peso, volume, volume específico, densidade, expansão e, no caso de biscoitos recheados também peso recheio e fator recheio. A análise sensorial foi realizada pela análise descritiva quantitativa – ADQ. Os resultados possibilitaram caracterizar os atributos físicos e sensoriais de biscoitos e, comparar as diferentes marcas utilizadas. Esses parâmetros permitem recomendar as análises físicas e sensoriais utilizadas nesta pesquisa para avaliação de biscoito em sistema de controle de qualidade.

Mistura de farinhas à base de cereais, para alimentação infantil: multifarinha / Flour mixing of the cereals, for infant food: multiflour

O trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar uma mistura de farinhas (multifarinha), com elevado valor energético-protéico, a ser usada como suplementação de crianças entre 02 a 05 anos atendidas pelo Programa do Leite. Foram desenvolvidas duas formulações de mistura de farinhas, uma a base de farinha de rosca (F1) e outra com farinha de trigo (F2). As amostras cruas foram avaliadas pela análise físico-química. Para as cozidas, foram preparados mamadeiras na concentração de 3 por cento m/V e creme na de 7 por cento m/V e submetidos à análise física e sensorial. Na análise físico-química das amostras cruas foram observados que ambas se encontram dentro dos limites da legislação em vigor. Na análise física as formulações tiveram resultados similares. Na análise sensorial pela ADQ na amostra F1 foi identificada como de melhor aparência, textura, sabor e aroma e no teste de ordenação apresentou diferença significativa ao nível de 5 por cento quanto ao sabor e textura em relação à F2, porém não diferiu do controle. Com base nos dados sugeriu-se a formulação F1 para ser utilizada na produção da multifarinha.

O tomate de mesa: origem, taxonomia e variedades / The table tomatoes: origin, taxonomy and varieties

O tomate, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., é uma das olerícolas de maior produção e consumo no mundo inteiro. Em razão da importância que representa na mesa do consumidor, a presente revisão teve como objetivo descrever a origem, taxonomia e variedades do tomate de mesa. O tomate pertence à família das Solanaceae, gênero Lycopersicon, sub-gênero Eulycopersicum, espécie Lycopersicon esculentum. O nome Mill, veio de Miller que em 1754 foi o primeiro a propor a classificação botânica e o nome Lycopersicon. Originário da parte ocidental das Américas Central e Sul, cultivado até uma altitude de aproximadamente 2000 m dos Andes, o tomate apresenta fruto carnudo, suculento e de cor vermelha quando maduro, com dois (bilocular) ou mais lóculos (plurilocular). São encontradas diferentes cultivares que variam em função do grupo a que pertencem a de região de cultivo.